Research and explain what an initialization vector is. 2. Research and describe the difference between a salt value and a pepper value as it relates to cryptography. Provide a high-level example of how these would be implemented.

AU Initialization Vector vs Salt and Pepper Questions

1. Research and explain what an initialization vector is.

2. Research and describe the difference between a salt value and a pepper value as it relates to cryptography. Provide a high-level example of how these would be implemented.

3. 14. What does the term nonrepudiation mean?

4. 15. Does hashing provide nonrepudiation? If so, how? If not, why not?

5. 16. Research and explain one way that hashing is utilized for email integrity/digital signatures.