Question 11 pts The essential, core concept of cognitive psychology is … Group
Question 11 pts
The essential, core concept of cognitive psychology is …
Group of answer choicesbehavior.sensation.
creativity.
expectation.
thought.
Flag question: Question 2Question 21 pts
According to cognitive psychology, we expect that after putting the correct amount of money into a vending machine and making a selection the desired product will be dispensed. When this fails to occur …
Group of answer choiceswe seldom notice as we have only a vague sense that something good might follow the behavior of inserting the money in the first place.we simply assume vending machines are unreliable and seldom work properly.
we recognize that there was no reason to believe that inserting the money should have ever resulted in the product being dispensed.
our expectancies were violated, as past experience would indicate specific outcomes for behaving as we did in this particular context.
Where are my Cheese Doodles? I want my bag of Cheese Doodles! Give me my bag of Cheese Doodles! I’m gonna tip and rock this machine until I get ‘em! Oh No! SPLAT!!!
Flag question: Question 3Question 31 pts
Having watched the plumber fix her toilet the last time it malfunctioned Dora Sphincter was able to fix it herself the next time by performing the same series of actions. This illustrates the principle of cognitive psychology referred to as …
Group of answer choicesclassical conditioning.operant conditioning.
second-order conditioning.
observational learning.
Dora’s unnatural fixation on her toilet and its inner workings.
Flag question: Question 4Question 41 pts
The answers you are now providing to these questions serve as …
Group of answer choicesevidence of learning.measures of performance.
an index of learning that took place while you were in class and while studying outside of class.
indicative of your capacity to endure a mode of torture devised by a deranged and twisted soul.
All of the Above
Flag question: Question 5Question 51 pts
Edward Tolman trained a group of rats to run through a maze in order to obtain food in the goal box. Meanwhile, another group was allowed to wander through the maze at random, but initially without food in the goal box. Once that other group began receiving food in the goal box they began to run through the maze as quickly and with few errors. They performed as well as the group that had received reinforcement all along. This provided evidence for both …
Group of answer choicescognitive learning and latent mapping.latent learning and cognitive mapping.
stimulus control and cross-modality cueing.
stimulus control and observational learning.
map reading and map folding.
Flag question: Question 6Question 61 pts
A cognitive map …
Group of answer choicesis an internalized representation of one’s environment.does not allow one to determine the best route between two locations unless one has traveled directly from one to the other in the past.
is not useful when detours are encountered.
is beyond the capacity of any creature other than human beings.
is exceptionally difficult to fold.
Flag question: Question 7Question 71 pts
Which of the following were not mentioned in lecture as having demonstrated tool use?
Group of answer choicesHumansChimpanzees
Crows
Octopi
Domestic Cats
Flag question: Question 8Question 81 pts
Successful problem solving usually involves all of the following except …
Group of answer choicesclearly defining the problem itself.examining the problem from different perspectives.
looking for patterns and elements that resemble previous situations.
the general application of logic and reason.
trying a particular solution over and over again until it finally works.
Flag question: Question 9Question 91 pts
The human capacities for invention, contemplating the distant past and future, mathematical theory, and grasping moral principles all point to …
Group of answer choicesan overall ability to deal with the abstract.humans only being able to deal with tangible and concrete reality.
these things actually exist in the current time and place.
the probability of reinforcement, or punishment, completely explaining all of human psychology.
the inevitable conclusion that E=MC2!
Flag question: Question 10Question 101 pts
Uncle J.R. says, “When once you my age are too, look so good you will not either.” When he speaks this way the basic meaning is conveyed …
Group of answer choicesbecause the surface structure of the statement conforms to common usage.even though the deep structure of the statement is lost.
although the surface structure of what he said does not follow the normal rules of English syntax.
despite the morphemes of his utterance being in juxtaposition to the deep structure.
even though he has had a number of cocktails at this point.
Flag question: Question 11Question 111 pts
The linguist Noam Chomsky proposed humans are endowed with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that other species lack, allowing humans to …
Group of answer choiceseasily assimilate the deep structure of an utterance.communicate to other species besides their own, unlike other animals.
grasp the syntactic (or grammatical) structure of language.
develop large vocabularies.
talk and talk, yet say virtually nothing.
Flag question: Question 12Question 121 pts
A child of 3-4 years old might say something like, ‘We runned all the way home from the park.’ According to the linguist Noam Chomsky, what does this indicate?
Group of answer choicesThe child’s parents use poor grammar.The child’s language abilities are underdeveloped.
The child’s focus is on content/meaning more than form/grammar.
The child grasps the general syntactic (grammatical) structure of the language.
The park is not very far away.
Flag question: Question 13Question 131 pts
The Worfian Hypothesis entails all of the following except …
Group of answer choicesacquiring a language changes how we think about the world.everything we attend to or think about is framed in linguistic terms.
even our emotions and dreams are expressed linguistically.
extremely early childhood memories may still exist, but in a form we can no longer access.
once someone has had really good seafood they will crave more.
Flag question: Question 14Question 141 pts
True language has syntax and grammar. That allows one to generate an unlimited of possible sentence combinations. That’s referred to as generativity. Language also allows for what is termed displacement. This allows one to discuss …
Group of answer choicesthings that are not currently present in the immediate environment.past events.
possible future events.
hypothetical possibilities.
All of the Above.
Flag question: Question 15Question 151 pts
When trying to assess intelligence it is important to separate basic ability and raw capacity from the effects of education. This reflects the distinction between …
Group of answer choicesfarm living and urban living.republicans and democrats.
novelty and convention.
aptitude and achievement.
students and instructors.
Flag question: Question 16Question 161 pts
In Alfred Binet’s original work on intelligence his concept of mental age was designed to compare the relative abilities of children of different ages and …
Group of answer choicesquantify the genetic determinant of intelligence.quantify the environmental determinants of intelligence.
identify children who would do poorly in traditional schools.
predict job success in adulthood.
provide a reason for various discriminatory social policies.
Flag question: Question 17Question 171 pts
Modern calculation of I.Q. assume intelligence, like many other things found in nature, is distributed over a standardized curve. The mean, or average, I.Q. is set at 100. The standard deviation is set at 16 points. What percentage of the population should fall within the range of 84 to 116 on the I.Q. scale?
Group of answer choices25%50%
68%
84%
If we’re talking politicians, none of them would even get close.
Flag question: Question 18Question 181 pts
Since first developed, intelligence tests have …
Group of answer choicesbeen used for the sole purpose of enhancing our understanding of what truly constitutes intelligence.been used solely for the purpose of identifying those in need of special instruction.
always successfully separated aptitude from achievement and accurately measured all facets of intellectual ability.
often been used to support discriminatory political agendas.
always been used honestly and fairly for the benefit of all.
Flag question: Question 19Question 191 pts
Howard Gardner redefined intelligence as a collection of various abilities concentrated in a number of particular areas. What is the name given his theory?
Group of answer choicesThe Theory of Domain Specific IntelligencesThe Theory of Eclectic Intelligence
The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Specific Multiple Active Realms of Thought and Intelligence (S.M.A.R.T.I.)
Gardner’s Mental Garden
Flag question: Question 20Question 201 pts
Since Howard Gardner first proposed his theory that there are at least seven domains of intelligence two more have been added for a total of nine. How many of these are assessed by standard I.Q. tests?
Group of answer choicesOneThree
Five
All Nine
Actually, modern I.Q. tests only measure one’s ability to describe the inner workings of a coo-coo clock.
Flag question: Question 21Question 211 pts
A consummate politician, Franklin Roosevelt was very skilled at social interaction and able to sway and shape the opinions of others. Which of Howards Gardner’s domains of intelligence do these abilities reflect?
Group of answer choicesLinguistic IntelligenceLogical/Mathematical Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence
Existentialist Intelligence
Extroversion
Flag question: Question 22Question 221 pts
Elroy believes he simply isn’t smart enough to do well on his upcoming chemistry exam. And so he sees no point in devoting a great deal of time to studying for it. In terms of achievement motivation, what does Elroy seem to be demonstrating?
Group of answer choicesLow intelligence.Low motivation.
A fixed mindset.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Cognitive Conservatism.
Flag question: Question 23Question 231 pts
Viewing difficult challenges as an opportunity for growth and advancement, even if one doesn’t achieve success, is characteristic of …
Group of answer choicesunrealistic optimism.dogged determination.
over demanding parents.
a growth mindset.
someone taking stimulants.
Flag question: Question 24Question 241 pts
When parents and educators emphasize the effort put forth and what was learned in the process of completing a task, rather than the end result as to how successful they were, children are more likely to …
Group of answer choicesbecome slackers.have little motivation to succeed.
develop a growth mindset.
develop universal capacity.
become narcissistic.
Flag question: Question 25Question 251 pts
Social psychology is concerned with the …
Group of answer choiceseffect of social factors on individuals.social factors that lead to mental illnesses.
individual conceptions of social problems.
study of group psychology.
implementation of mind control on a massive scale.
Flag question: Question 26Question 261 pts
Social psychology describes schema as automatic shortcuts used to understand and organize social experiences. They also serve to screen information and focus attention. In that sense they might best be described as …
Group of answer choiceshighly task specific.filters.
active conscious processes.
difficult, but necessary, forms of data analysis.
destructive and evil.
Flag question: Question 27Question 271 pts
In social psychology the Rosenthal Effect exemplifies how social expectations can affect interactions resulting in a self-fulfilling prophecy. Our expectations influence our actions toward others, who often react in ways that reflect those expectations. So based on this, if we assume somebody is going to be hostile in a certain situation it’s likely we will …
Group of answer choicesbe exceptionally patient and understanding with them.act in ways that we believe will make them comfortable.
try to do our best to control the situation and avoid hostility.
act in ways that generate hostile responses from them.
What? Who are you calling hostile? I’ll show you hostile!
Flag question: Question 28Question 281 pts
People like to think they are relatively intelligent and often offer excuses, even illogical explanations, when circumstances indicate they have acted foolishly rather than admit having done so. This is explained by …
Group of answer choicescognitive dissonance theory.the fundamental attribution error.
situational dysfunction.
galvanized self-esteem.
mind over matter (If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter).
Flag question: Question 29Question 291 pts
The extreme devotion of cult members as demonstrated by the Jonestown and Heaven’s Gate suicides have been attributed to …
Group of answer choicesthe fundamental attribution error.cognitive dissonance.
normative social influence.
reference group psychosis.
farm living gone terribly awry.
Flag question: Question 30Question 301 pts
Much of the research concerning the behavior of people in groups indicates that individuals demonstrate …
Group of answer choicesaversions to joining groups in general.initial mistrust of groups they are just joining.
a tendency to conform to the group standards.
a propensity to stand out from the rest of the group.
a preference for groups composed of individuals from other species.
Flag question: Question 31Question 311 pts
In Stanley Milgram’s obedience to authority experiment the last three levels of shock were labeled as extremely dangerous (XXX). How many of the “teachers” continued to deliver shocks right through to these last levels (even though the “learners” were no longer responding by this point)?
Group of answer choicesNone of them.Only one tenth of them.
Half of them.
Approximately two thirds of them.
All of them.
Flag question: Question 32Question 321 pts
In Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford prison study the guards and prisoners …
Group of answer choicesnever really got into their roles, so the study was abandoned.had fun, and pleaded with the experimenters to extend the study.
got to a point where they refused to participate further, and the study was terminated.
showed signs of disturbed behavior, and the study had to be terminated.
are still down there in the basement of the psychology building.
Flag question: Question 33Question 331 pts
Both the Milgram study on authority and the Zimbardo prison study raised important ethical questions regarding the …
Group of answer choicessocial context determining the moral conduct of individuals.degree of harm subjects were willing to inflict on others.
possible harm to the subjects created by these experiments.
long-term effects of psychological research.
All of the Above.
Flag question: Question 34Question 341 pts
Correspondence Bias (the fundamental attribution error) refers to the tendency to assume personality characteristics as the reason for certain behaviors, rather than contextual variables (especially for other people). For example, we perceive people who behave badly as evil. However, in many cases …
Group of answer choicesthe people are even worse than we assume.the situation caused them to behave badly.
the people are displaying their true nature.
the people are mindlessly responding without thought.
early experiences have shaped these responses.
Flag question: Question 35Question 351 pts
Which was not cited as a reason for why people might not lend assistance when others are in distress?
Group of answer choicesUrban Environments.The Number of Other People Present.
Potential Personal Risks.
Liability Issues.
If nobody else is around, then nobody will know you didn’t help.
Flag question: Question 36Question 361 pts
Theories of development are commonly stage theories. This implies …
Group of answer choicesthe specified ages cited for particular stages represent exact and critical time frames for capacities to develop.the stages need to occur in the specified order, though exact time frames may vary.
individual deviations in the time frame for progressing from one stage to the next represent profound problems in development.
they are really of little use in predicting the normal process of development for a given individual.
all the world’s a stage.
Flag question: Question 37Question 371 pts
Freud’s anal stage of development (18 months to 3 years) is marked by the process of toilet training. This requires extremely careful handling because …
Group of answer choicesit is often the first time the wishes of the parent and child come into direct conflict.children have no natural capacity to learn this sort of thing.
parents have no natural capacity to teach this sort of thing.
a single error in judgment and the child could become a serial killer.
if improperly handled the child could even become a politician.
Flag question: Question 38Question 381 pts
The ability to demonstrate self-control at an early age (4-5 years) …
Group of answer choicesis exemplified by a child who is able to forego a small immediate reward for a larger future reward.has been linked to higher levels of academic performance.
has been linked to more stable adult relationships.
can be fostered by providing children the opportunity to make decisions for themselves, and to learn from the consequences.
All of the Above.
Flag question: Question 39Question 391 pts
Piaget’s conception of the Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years) indicates …
Group of answer choicesinfants are fully equipped to deal with the world from birth.infant sensory and motor capacities need refinement and calibration.
infant sensory capacities are significantly behind motor development at this time.
little development can take place yet because infants lack language.
this is the critical period for someone to learn how to drive.
Flag question: Question 40Question 401 pts
According to Piaget’s theory of development, when a child begins to grasp the concept of object permanence it indicates a transition from …
Group of answer choicesthe Sensorimotor to Preoperational Stage.the Preoperational to Concrete Operational Stage.
the Concrete Operational to Formal Operational Stage.
Prepubescent to Post-pubescent.
High School to College.
Flag question: Question 41Question 411 pts
According to Piaget’s theory of development, when a child begins to grasp the concept of conservation (of number, volume, mass and weight) it indicates a transition from …
Group of answer choicesthe Sensorimotor to Preoperational Stage.the Preoperational to Concrete Operational Stage.
the Concrete Operational to Formal Operational Stage.
Prepubescent to Post-pubescent.
High School to College.
Flag question: Question 42Question 421 pts
According to Vygotsky’s theory of development there are often cases when a child is not ready to grasp some skill or ability on their own, but can with the help and guidance of someone more experienced. After which they are then able to perform independently. What term did he use for this?
Group of answer choicesA Learning CuspEdge of Advancement
Tools of Thought
Zone of Proximal Development
He wrote in Russian and there is no equivalent term in English.
Flag question: Question 43Question 431 pts
The changes that take place during puberty such as the development of secondary sexual characteristics are due to the release of massive amounts of hormones. These hormones also affect …
Group of answer choicesreasoning ability.our ability to employ principles of logic.
the capacity to grasp abstract concepts.
brain structure and organization.
All of the Above
Flag question: Question 44Question 441 pts
Leonardo has difficulty trusting and relying on others. He always has to do everything himself and is reluctant to ask others for help. And he hasn’t had a successful long-term relationship because he’s always jealous of his partner. According to Erikson’s theory which psychosocial conflict was probably not successfully resolved?
Group of answer choicesTrust vs. MistrustAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Generativity vs. Stagnation
None of them. He’s right. You can’t trust anybody.
Flag question: Question 45Question 451 pts
According to Erikson, as one nears death the mature individual reflects on his or her life and seeks to address the question of …
Group of answer choiceswho do I leave my stuff to?whether life was meaningful and productive or marked by poor decisions and unaccomplished goals?
can I donate a lot of money to various causes to ensure a good place in the hereafter?
how to exact retribution upon those who have wronged us.
how can I take my stuff with me?
Flag question: Question 46Question 461 pts
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development indicate …
Group of answer choicesa shift toward ever more corrupt morality with age.an increasing level of rigidity in our morality with age.
a tendency to pay more attention to far reaching and abstract moral concepts with age.
a return to an almost childlike simplicity with age.
older individual’s just don’t give a damn anymore.
Flag question: Question 47Question 471 pts
The core of Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality is the constant conflict between the …
Group of answer choicesconscious desires we have and the unconscious values we hold.ego and one’s conscious desires.
id and the libido.
superego and the cultural mores of society.
id’s struggle to satisfy basic unconscious urges and the superego’s inhibitions as it tries to maintain moral propriety.
Flag question: Question 48Question 481 pts
The Freudian defense mechanism of sublimation leads one to …
Group of answer choicesattempt to prove one’s actions are rational by any means necessary.channel unacceptable impulses into constructive behaviors.
make cold objective observations and assessments devoid of emotion.
regress to a more juvenile level of functioning.
present oneself as the opposite of one’s true nature.
Flag question: Question 49Question 491 pts
Jung’s terms ‘animus’ and ‘anima’ refer to what aspects of personality?
Group of answer choicesUnconscious versus ConsciousRational versus Irrational
Masculine versus Feminine
Constructive versus Destructive
Mature versus Childish
Flag question: Question 50Question 501 pts
According to Jung the collective unconscious contains images and themes representing the cumulative experience of preceding generations. He referred to these as …
Group of answer choicesarchetypes.prototypes.
icons.
themes.
Herbert. Nobody knows why.
Flag question: Question 51Question 511 pts
Hortense never did well in school, has a dead end job and is generally not pleased with how her life has turned out. She constantly nags, criticizes, belittles and insults her long-suffering spouse. According to Adler’s theory of personality what is the reason for her behavior?
Group of answer choicesDominance issues.Oral Fixation.
Lack of social interest.
Inferiority Complex.
Way too much caffeine.
Flag question: Question 52Question 521 pts
Both Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow described self-actualization as a drive that motivates behavior and personality development. Which of the following does not reflect that one has obtained this?
Group of answer choicesEgocentrism.Considerable overlap between one’s ideal self and what one’s life experience reveals about the true self.
Congruence.
Self-Acceptance.
Independence, creativity, and enjoyment of life.
Flag question: Question 53Question 531 pts
Modern personality theory is based on the idea of there being __________ dimensions of personality.
Group of answer choicesOneThree
Five
Twelve
Unlimited
Flag question: Question 54Question 541 pts
The acronym O.C.E.A.N. is often used in reference to the ‘Big Five’ theory of personality. Which of the following is incorrect and not one of the dimensions of personality mentioned by the theory.
Group of answer choicesOpenness to ExperienceConscientiousness
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Flag question: Question 55Question 551 pts
The Big Five theory of personality proposes five dimensions of personality, each of which represent a continuum from one extreme to its opposite. The Corvid-19 crisis might be expected to have its most unsettling effects on people who are on the extreme ends of which two dimensions?
Group of answer choicesOpenness to Experience and AgreeablenessExtroversion / Introversion and Conscientiousness
Extroversion / Introversion and Neuroticism
Extroversion / Introversion and Agreeableness
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
Flag question: Question 56Question 561 pts
What is the main tool used in the United States for the classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders?
Group of answer choicesKelly’s Blue BookAmerican Catalog of Mental Disorders
The MMPI
The DSM-V
The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy
Flag question: Question 57Question 571 pts
When do personality disorders typically develop?
Group of answer choicesVery Early ChildhoodAdolescence or Young Adulthood
Middle-Age
Old Age
When taking online classes for the first time.
Flag question: Question 58Question 581 pts
My great aunt Edna was upset quite easily and was always in crisis. From what dish to bring to a family get together to what color curtains to put in her living room she’d have to have input from a least a dozen family members. No problem was ever simple. Everything in her life was a big deal. She once almost fainted when she noticed someone else at a wedding was wearing the same color and style of shoes as her own. On the way from the ceremony to the reception she insisted we stop at a department store so she could buy new shoes or she simply couldn’t attend the dinner and dance. Which of the following personality disorders would a psychologist mos